INTRODUCTION
It is very sad to say that it is most unorganised
type of agriculture. Our irrigation systems are most unorganised. Nobody think
of soil health, environment. the quality of air, soil and water are getting
degraded. Either it is under utilisation of resources or over utilisation of
resources. Fertilisers not used at optimum level and required ratios.
Pesticides are used not to the requirements. Either they are influenced by
traders or inexperienced friends. quality of labor gone down. Middle men are
ruling the agriculture markets. Climate playing havoc in ever 3 or 4 years. It
mostly acts as villain in farmer's life.
Indian agricultural
is incapable of ensuring the food security of its own population and farmers.
The country faces structural handicaps that have prevented it from rooting out
famine and poverty.
Though Production
wise the India is number one. But Productivity wise we are far behind many
countries. This sums up the Indian Agriculture.
But there are some
success stories giving hope to the countries Agriculture.
In India the following types of farming are
practiced:
1.
Shifting Agriculture(Jhoom):
(i) In shifting
agriculture, land is obtained by cleaning forest and agriculture is practiced
till the fertility of the farm is exhausted. After this another farm is cleared
and agriculture is practiced on it.
(ii) Usually, plant,
tuber crops like yam, tapioca and root crops are raised. (Hi) It is practiced
mainly by tribal living in forest.
2.
Subsistence Agriculture:
(i) In subsistence agriculture, farmer and his
family produce cereals for themselves only or for local market.
(ii) Cereals like
wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised. This is practiced in most parts of
India even today.
3.
Intensive Farming:
(i) Intensive
farming aims at maximum possible production on the limited farms with all
efforts possible under the circumstances.
(ii) Intensive
farming is capable of raising more than one crop a year.
(iii) Huge capital
and human labour is employed on every hectare of land.
(iv) It is practiced
in most parts of densely populated areas.
4. Extensive Farming:
(i) It is the modern
system of farming done on large farms.
(ii) It is also
known as mechanical farming due to extensive use of machines.
(iii) Extensive farm
raises only one crop a year.
(iv) Employment of
labour and capital per hectare of land is comparatively less.
(v) It is practiced
in sparsely populated areas like USA, Canada, Russia and Australia.
5.
Plantation Agriculture:
(i) In plantation agriculture, bush or tree farming
is done on huge areas.
(ii) It is
capital-centered and needs good managerial ability, technical knowledge,
improved machineries, fertilizers, irrigation and transport facilities.
(iii) A particular
or single sown crop like rubber, tea, coconut, coffee, cocoa, spices and fruit
crops etc. is sown and the yield is generally obtained continuously for a
number of years.
(iv) It is practiced
in Kerala, Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra.
(v) Plantation
agriculture requires a long growing period.
6. Commercial Agriculture:
(i) Commercial
Agriculture is practiced to raise crops on a large scale with a view to export
them to other countries and earn money.
(ii) Commercial
agriculture is done mostly in sparsely populated areas.
(iii) Purpose of
commercial agriculture is to sell the produce for money.
(iv) Gujarat,
Punjab, Haryana and Maharashtra, mainly practice this type of farming.
(v) Wheat, cotton,
sugarcane, corn etc. are some of the commercial crops.
7. Dry Land Farming:
(i) In dry land
farming moisture is maintained by raising special type of crops. Gramjowar,
bajra and peas are such crops which need less water.
(ii) This is
practiced in dry areas of the country such as western, north-western India and
central India.
(iii) It is
practiced in low rainfall areas or where there is inadequate irrigation
facility.
8.
Wet Land Farming:
(i) Wet land farming
depends mainly upon rains, so it is practiced in high rainfall or well
irrigated areas.
ii) In this type of farming rice, jute and sugarcane
are grown.
(iii) This type of
farming is prevalent in the north, north-eastern India and on the slopes of the
Western Ghats.
On the basis of
seasons, crops grown in India can be classified as follows—
(i) Kharif: Kharif
crops are grown with the start of monsoon till the beginning of winter
(June-July to October-November). Rice, maize, millets, cotton, groundnut,
moong, urad etc. are kharif crops.
(ii) Rabi: Rabi
crops are sown with the start of winter till the beginning of summer (October-November
to March-April). Wheat, barley, gram and oilseeds are rabi crops.
(iii) Zaid: Zaid crops
are grown in short season of summer. Watermelon and cucumbers are zaid crops.
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